Reaction of silanes with aliphatic unsaturated compounds



Patented May 5, 1953 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE mesne assignments, to Union Carbl'deand Car bon Corporation, a corporation of New York- No-Drawing. Application September 17,1949, SerialNo. 116,405

8 'Glaims. 1

This invention relates to the synthesis of; compounds containing carbon to silicon bonds- It is known that organic derivatives of silicon containing the. carbon to silicon. bond" can be formed by reacting a silane containing at least one silicon to'hyd'rogen bond with unsaturated aliphatic compounds, such as acetyleneand-ethylene, as disclosed in the copending application of G. O. Strother and G. Wagner, Serial No. 762,084, filed October 9, 1 946.

A particular form of catalyst has now been developed which greatly increases the utility and scope of the general reaction. The particular value of this catalyst is that it selectively pro.- motes the 1,2 addition of the silicon-hydrogen bond (Si-H) across a pair of aliphatic carbon atoms linked by multiple bonds. In its mostgeneral state, the reaction may be illustrated as fol lows:

- 3= 3- HSiE -c :H('J-s1E in which the vertically oriented bonds shown may also link the carbon atoma. Thus, the catalyst may beused to promote the addition of a, silane, such as dichlorosilane, ethyl dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane-or triethoxysilane, toa wide variety ofunsaturated aliphatic compounds, such as acetylene, ethylene, propylene, butene-l,. butene-2, butadiene, cyclohexene, allyl'r chloride, trichlorethylene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene fluoride and the like. In many instances it is possible to react a silane with asubstituted ethylenic compound to form new derivatives of silicon which could. not readily be formed in the presence of known catalysts.

The. catalyst of this invention consists of platinum supported on finely-divided charcoal, such as commercial forms of decol'orizing charcoal. It has been observed that. platinum supported on charcoal is an extremely active and selective catalyst for the addition of silanes to aliphatic unsaturated compounds. It is distinguished from other forms of platinum catalysts by the: extremely important fact that only minute amounts of platinum deposited on charcoal needbe used in order to catalyze the reaction, whereas, when platinum is deposited on other supports, such as asbestos, calcium carbonate, or barium sulfate, the amounts of platinumrequired for an active catalyst were greater by a factor ofjthe order oi magnitude of to 100. Since platinum is a very expensive material, the economic advantages of the present catalyst are tremendous. The combination of. platinum with charcoal is unique. as charcoal by itself is not a catalyst for the silane addition reaction, nor are related metals, such as palladium, particularly effective when supported on charcoal.

' l Comparative tests to establish the superiority of the present catalyst were caried out by reacting acetylene withtrichlorosilane at 300p. s. 1. gauge pressure for '30 to GD'niinutes at 130 C; in the presence of various catalysts. The catalysts used, their amounts, and the analysis of, the reaction products are tabulated below, the vinyl derivative listed being vinyl tr'ichlorosilane, and the his derivative being bis-'(trichlorosilylt ethane resulting-ifrcmtheaddition of another mole of trichlorosilane tothe vinyl derivative.

Comparison of various catalysts Reaction Products, "(l1 Catalyst MolePereeiit Catalyst penMole HSiCh HSiClz Vin'yl' Bis 0.06. Nil. 25

' 0.'U6 l 27. 5 '60 12,5 5%1Pt.on powdered QaQ Q3. 0. O6 Slight Reaction 5%! on powderedesbestos. 0:0'6 Slight Reaction 5%. onpowdered 'chazr-v I a ooal l-- .e c.- 0. l2 10 Nil Charcoal powder 0.25 No Reaction Reactions between, acetyl n and tri-cnlorosilane can be obtained with the platinum on other supports, but higher temperatures, longer reaction times, and greater amounts of catalyst must beused.

Best results with. the platinum on charcoal catalysts are obtained when the platinum catalysts are free of impurities and absorbed gases are removed from the catalyst before use. Also, for a given amount of platinum per mole of the silane, it is best to use more of a catalyst having a low concentration of platinum than a smaller amount of a catalyst having a larger concentration of platinum. The efiect of the amount of catalyst used and the concentration of the platinum on the charcoal carrier is shown in the table below. The datawereobtained by adding acetylene under 300p. s. i. gauge pressuretol moles of trichlorosilane in. a. closed vessel at 130 C. for onev hour in the presence of various catalysts.

Comparison of platinum on charcoal catalysts G C t I M Pt Product fitamposition, 'aayst g. .per oes g g g on per Mole Mole v H510]; HSiCls 1 HSlCls' Vinyl Bis 0. 06 3 Nil 2.22 Q. 73 0. 125 0. 96 0. Q8 0. 82 1. 44 U. 06 46" 0. 2. 08 0. l3 0. Q25 (Y. 1193 I 2. 66 0. 66 0. 065 0. 0251 Q. 0875 3. 3 0.,14 Q. 0i 0.0 0,1 0.5 i 2.75 0.25 1 0 .1.0 1 2:96 0.2. (not 9 Q5. O: 025 2-56 0. 51 0. 02

The platinum on charcoal catalysts are available commercially or they can readily be made. For instance, HzPtCle. 6H2O was dissolved in water, neutralized with KOH to a pH of 10 and diluted to give a concentration of 0.115 gram of platinum per liter. To 125 cc. of this solution (0.01437 gm. platinum) were added cc. of

water and 25 grams of Darco G-60 charcoal. Hy-

HGECH-l-HSiCh CHz:CH--SiC13 acetylene trichlorosilane vinyl trichlorosilane HSiC1s+CH2:CH-SiClatrichlorosilane vinyl trichlorosilane ClsSiCHzCI-IzSiClz bls(tricl1lorosilyl) ethane As indicated in Table II, the amount of platinum on the catalyst and the amount of catalyst used afiect the relative proportions in which the vinyl to bis derivative are obtained. Other conditions which favor the production of the vinyl derivative are the use of higher molar ratios of acetylene to trichlorosilane, lower reaction temperatures and shorter reaction periods. The effect of the acetylene-silane ratio on the product composition was demonstrated with triethoxysilane which has a lower vapor pressure at reaction temperature and thus permits the acetylene pressure over it to be more significantaly varied and more precisely controlled. Results of the reaction of acetylene with a constant amount of triethoxysilane at 130 C. and at different acetylene pressures in the presence of a platinized charcoal catalyst are given below.

TABLE III Eflects of acetylene pressure on vinyl/bis ratio in reaction with triethozcysilane Mole Ratio of Vinyl Triethoxysilane to Bis- (Triethoxysilyl)Ethane Acetylene Pressure p. s. i. (gauge) Although the reaction of acetylene and other unsaturated compounds with trichlorosilane or triethoxysilane can be carried out at atmospheric pressures, the yields are low, particularly with trichlorosilane, and in the case of acetylene the principal product is the bis derivative as indicated above. Therefore, it is preferred to carry out the reactions under pressures of to 1,000 p. s. i. gauge at reaction temperatures of 100 to 300 C.

EXAMPLE 1.-REACTION OF ACETYLENE WITH TRICHLOROSILANE Trichlorosilane (540 grams-4 moles) and 0.6 gram of charcoal containing 0.05% by weight of platinum were charged to an agitated, jacketed reactor. The reactor was brought to 128 C. and then acetylene was introduced at a cylinder pressure of 263 p. s. i. The temperature in the reactor rose to 159 C. during the first 17 minutes of the run, and then gradually dropped to 133 C.

at the end of minutes when the run was finished.

The product amounted to 584 grams of which 410 grams (2.54 moles) was vinyl trichlorosilane (B. P. 91 C.); 89 grams (0.3 mole) was bis(trichlorosilyl) ethane (B. P. 202 C.) and the balance was substantially trichlorosilane.

EXAMPLE 2.REACTION OF ACETYLENE WITH TRIETI-IOXYSILANE Triethoxysilane (575 grams-3.5 moles) and 0.10 gram of a charcoal-platinum catalyst containing 0.77% pt. were charged to the reactor described in Example 1 and acetylene introduced under a pressure of 300 p. s. i. at a temperature of C. for 30 minutes.

The product contained 1.77 moles of vinyl triethoxysilane (B. P. 156-158 0.); 0.69 mole of bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (B. P. 256 C.), and 0.21 mole of unreacted trichlorosilane.

EXAMPLE 3.REACTION OF BUTADIENE WITH TRICHLOROSILANE Butadiene (108 grams-2 moles) and trichlorosilane (271 grams-2 moles) and 1 gram of a platinum-charcoal catalyst containing 0.77% pt. were charged to a jacketed, agitated reactor. The reactants were heated to 160 C. under a maximum pressure of 350 p. s. i. for 2.5 hours.

There were isolated from the reaction products 26 grams of unreacted silane and butadiene, 154 grams (0.8 mole) of butenyl trichlorosilane (CHzCHzCHCHzSiCls, B. P. 142143 C.) and 102 grams (0.3 mole) of a residue which was largely bis(trichlorosilyl) butane (CH3CH(SiC13) CHzCHzSiCla B. P. 250 0. at 750 mm. and 102-104c at 4 mm). This residue product resulted from the addition of another mole of trichlorosilane to the first product formed.

The products formed with butadiene and the platinized charcoal were straight chain compounds, whereas other catalysts tend to give cyclic derivatives of the hydrocarbon in this reaction.

EXAMPLE 4.REACTION OF ALLYL CHLORIDE AND TRICHLOROSILANE Allyl chloride (306 grams-4 moles) and trichlorosilane (540 grams-4 moles) and 1 gram of a charcoal-platinum catalyst were charged to a jacketed, agitated reactor and heated to ISO-166 C. for 0.8 hour at 215 to 310 p. s. 1. pressure.

The reaction products totaled 834 grams in which the following wt. percent distribution exs ed.

Percent Unreacted allyl chloride and HSiCl; 24.1

silicon tetrachloride 7.9

n-Propyl trichlorosilane (B. P. 124 C.) 12.9 gamma-Chloropropyltrichlorosilane (B. P.

Residue 3.3

The silicon tetrachloride and n-propyl trichlorosilane were formed as by-products. The following equations may explain the formation of these products:

1. ClCHzCHzCH2SiCl3+HSiCls+ CHsCI-IzCHzSiCb-I-SiCh EXAMPLESET-THEEREACTIONOE'TRICHDORO- E'ZEHYIZENE AND rmennonosimnn This reaction does not follow the usual. course in that the productfcrmed has the same degree of unsaturation as the olefinic starting. material. The: products of this reaction. are betaioeta di chlorovinyltrichlorosilane (C12C=CHSiC1a-B.. 1?. 162.5" C.) and silicon tetrachloride.

The reaction. was carried. out by heating. one mole. of trichlorosilane, one mole of. trichloroethylene and 0.5 gram of platinum-charcoal catalyst (0.5% pt.) in a rocking, 300 cc. stainless steel pressure reactor. The results of several' runsunder difierent conditions are given inthe table below.

TABLE IV miimmsa meaamencwon creamed- SILANE WITH- ETHELENET A[ mixture containing. 37) percent-rhs'iclz. and 63* percent I-IS'iCbwas placedjih a 3 liter. reaction vessel, with 0.02 gram of. 5. percent. platinum on charcoal catalyst per 100. grams of a. mixture. Ethylene was added amounting. to 1106' percent of the amount theoretically requiredl for the reaction below.

After two hours; the HzSiClz" was 94- percentecm verted to CQHtSiTIGIu and 6 percent to (CzHe) 2SiCl2.

Preparation of bei'cbeta -dichlorovinyltrichlorosilane from trichlorosz'lane and. trichlorocihyl Based onHSiGh-"consumedt 1 Based on OHCl==CCh consumed.

added. After heating for two hours at 500 p. s. i.

pressure and 150 C., 127 grams of product were recovered. This product contained 75.2 grams of unreacted SiHCla and 17.6 grams of beta,betadifiuoroethyltrichlorosilane. There was a residue of 4.9 grams.

The product FzCI-ICHzSiCIs is a new chemical compound having the following properties:

Wt. percent chlorine found 53.0 thery 53.3 Wt. percent fluorine "found 18.5 theory 19.0 Density, g./cc.- C 1.43 Refractive Index 1.4050

Boiling point- O 104-1055 This new fiuorinated ethyl trichlorosilane forms useful stable resins on hydrolysis.

The initial temperature was 160 C. andthe maximum was 195 C; The maximum pressure was 7 p. s. i. A. small amount of CiHsSiCla was. also found.

This example shows that-the hydrogen atoms in dichlorosilane are more reactive than the hydrogen atom in trichl'or'osilane.

EXAMPLE'QZTHE REACTION OF. ETHYLDICHLORO- SILANE AND ACETYLENE Five hundred and fifteen grams of ethyl dichlorosilane (C2HaSiHCl2) and 0.1 gram of 0.2 percent platinum on charcoal catalyst were placed in an 800 cc. vessel. Acetylene was added and the vessel was heated to about C. to initiate the reaction. The temperature rose due to heat of reaction to 210-220 C. and the pressure rose to 300 p. s. i. After a total time of 30 minutes, the temperature dropped indicating that the reaction was complete. The product contained 321 grams of ethyl vinyl dichlorosilane and 231 grams of bis ethyl dichlorosilyhethane indicating that the following reactions took place.

The properties of these compounds are as follows:

Four mols of ethyldichlorosilane were reacted with allyl chloride in the presence of one gram of 0.2 per cent platinized charcoal in a 1%,- liter steam jacketed stainless steel rocking pressure vessel. The vessel was heated to 150 C. with steam condensate, and an exothermic reaction occurred which raised the reaction temperature to 180 C. in a few minutes. The product was fractionated through a 12-plate column at reduced pressure and the following materials were obtained: gamma chloropropylethyldichlorosilane (40 per cent conversion); ethylpropyldichlorosilane (21 per cent conversion), ethyltrichlorosilane (21 per cent conversion).

The ethylpropyl dichlorosilane was probably formed by a mechanism similar to that discussed in Example 4.

What is claimed is:

1. In the process for making compounds containing the carbon to silicon bond by reacting one of the group consisting of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and halogen-substituted aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons with a silane containing at least one hydrogen atom and from two to three chlorine atoms attached to the silicon atom and in which any valence of the silicon atom not satisfied with hydrogen or chlorine is satisfied with a monovalent hydrocarbon radical, the step of promoting the reaction with a catalyst composed of platinum supported on charcoal.

2. Process as claimed in claim 1 in which the catalyst contains from 0.05 to 5% platinum by weight.

3. In the process for making compounds containing the carbon to silicon bond by reacting an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon with a silane containing at least one hydrogen atom and from two to three chlorine atoms attached to the silicon atom and in which any valence of the silicon atom not satisfied with hydrogen or chlorine is satisfied with a monovalent hydrocarbon radical, the step of promoting the reaction with a catalyst composed of platinum supported on charcoal.

4. Inthe process for making compounds containing the carbon to silicon bond by reacting an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon with a silane of the formula Si(H)z(C1)y where :c is an integer from 1 to 2 and y is an integer from 2 to 3 and where the sum of a: and y is 4, the step of promoting the reaction with a catalyst composed of platinum supported on charcoal.

5. In the process for making vinyl trichlorosilane by reacting acetylene and trichlorosilane, the step of promoting the reaction with a catalyst composed of platinum supported on charcoal.

6. In the process for making ethyl trichlorosilane by reacting ethylene and trichlorosilane, the step of promoting the reaction with a catalyst composed of platinum supported on charcoal.

7. Process for making beta,beta-difiuoroethyltrichlorosilane which comprises reacting vinylidene fluoride and trichlorosilane in the presence of a catalyst composed of platinum supported on charcoal.

8. Beta,beta-difluoroethyltrichlorosilane.

GEORGE H. WAGNER.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Miller July 3, 1945 OTHER REFERENCES Number 

1. IN THE PROCESS FOR MAKING COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE CARBON TO SILICON BOND BY REACTING ONE OF THE GROUP CONSISTING OF UNSATURATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS AND HALOGEN-SUBSTITUTED ALIPHATIC UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS WITH A SILANE CONTAINING AT LEAST ONE HYDROGEN ATOM AND FROM TWO TO THREE CHLORINE ATOMS ATTACHED TO THE SILICON ATOM AND IN WHICH ANY VALENCE OF THE SILICON ATOM NOT SATISFIED WITH HYDROGEN OR CHLORINE IS SATIFIED WITH A MONOVALENT HYDROCARBON RADICAL, THE STEP OF PROMOTING THE REACTING WITH A CATALYST COMPOSED OF PLATINUM SUPPORTED ON CHARCOAL.
 8. BETA, BETA-DIFLUOROETHYLTRICHLOROSILANE. 